Evaluation of Water Treatment Techniques Using Nanotechnology

Abstract

The lack of water and its pollution has become one of the most important worldwide issues because of the high rates of human activity, urbanization, and development of industries. The traditional water treatment technology frequently has their drawbacks in efficiency, selectivity, but energy use and by eliminating new pollutants like heavy metals, pathogens, pharmaceuticals, and organic micropollutants. Over the past few years, the field of nanotechnology has got considerable popularity as an emergent technology on water and wastewater treatment due to its distinct physicochemical characteristics such as high surface area, controllable surface chemistry, increased reactivity, and increased adsorption capacity. In this paper, an in-depth discussion has been made on water treatment methods using nanotechnology, with an emphasis placed on nanomaterials carbon based nanostructures, nanoparticles based on metal and metal-oxide, nanocomposites, and nanomembranes. The paper critically examines the processes of removing contaminants, which are adsorption, photocatalysis, antimicrobial action, and membrane separation. A comprehensive literature review throws emphasis on both current developments, performance indicators, and comparative analysis of the nano-enabled treatment systems. The proposed methodology will be used to synthesize, characterise, and experimentally prove the usage of selected nanomaterials to purify water. Findings and discussion underline the efficiency of treatment, removal mechanics, scalability issues, environmental hazards and cost viability. The paper will ultimately find out some of the research gaps and future prospects of sustainable large scale application of nanotechnology based water treatment solutions.